Barebones PC for about 25K

I researched quite a bit and my configuration looks like this –
1) Processor AMD Phenom X3 BE - http://products.amd.com/en-us/DesktopCPUDetail.aspx?id=522 (Cost : apprx 8K)
2) ASUS M3A78-EM motherboard http://products.amd.com/en-us/RecommendedMBDetail.aspx?id=35 (Cost : appr 5k)
3) RAM 2 GB DDR2 800 MHZ (if you want to go for 4 GB you need 64 bit OS, not worth going in for 1066 Mhz because of cost/performance ratio) (Cost : apprx 2k)
4) nVidia GeForce 9400 1 GB PCI Express Card (Cost : apprx 4k)
5) Seagate 500 GB HDD (Cost : apprx 3k)
6) Circle CPU case with twin cooling fans. (Cost : apprx 2k)

I used toms hardware, anandtech & all the couple of others via google search before I finalized the processor, RAM & motherboard. This is a decent machine for home usage and moderate gaming. An interesting point to note is that the processor is actually a Phenom X4 with one core locked, some enthusiasts have successfully unlocked the fourth core. Also this has 6MB L3 cache for three cores which theoretically is superior than the other processors because of the high L3 availability.

45 Best Freeware Design Programs

http://www.snap2objects.com/2007/07/20/45-best-freeware-design-programs/

"My Topography- The Shape of Daily Life"

http://www.mytopography.com/

Five Great Presentations

http://gdreport.wordpress.com/2008/07/06/5-great-presentation/

What does your phone number spell?

http://www.phonespell.org/phoneSpell.html

http://www.mightynumber.com/

How to Buy the Right Headphones

A top-notch MP3 player is only half of the audio equation. No matter what your budget, we've got the headphones to maximize your listening experience.
http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2324413,00.asp

How does your salary compare ?

Naukri.com, a job search portal, has launched new PayCheck Tool that benchmarks salary, based on functional area, experience and other combinations. This will help the job seekers to look what's the statistical data of the salary they should be expecting and what the recruiters are offering. A perfect tool for fresh Jimmy to know how much a particular job role will fetch him annually. PayCheck can be accessed here: http://my.naukri.com/PayCheck/salary. PayCheck offers a three step method to get the correct information - Choose, Personalize and Compare.

Password-protected Memory Card

Some people have password on their memory card even though they never set it. Apparently this problem occurs on some phones, mostly happens on Nokia Eseries phones.

How to solve the problem? If, for some reasons, you activate remote lock option on your phone, it will change your memory card’s password too. Just for your information, remote lock option allows you to lock your phone by sending SMS to it. It is a nice feature if you accidentally left your phone somewhere and you don’t want other people using it. You can activate this feature from Tools Settings Security Phone and SIM Allow remote lock menu. The password of your memory card will be your remote lock message.

http://www.s60tips.com/2007/03/03/another-tip-for-password-protected-memory-card/

Man Vs Woman (during an argument)

Amazing 3D Sidewalk Art Photos

http://www.impactlab.com/2006/03/09/amazing-3d-sidewalk-art-photos/

These unbelievable photos are chalk drawings done by Julian Beever and Kurt Wenner. Both Julian and Kurt have different styles to create an amazing 3D illusion.

Scroll down slowly and stop at each new frame. Julian Beever is an English artist who’s famous for his art on the pavement of England, France, Germany, USA, Australia and Belgium.

Most of his artwork it is impossible to tell whats real from what’s an illusion. Very cool stuff.

Equal Rights for Men

http://open.salon.com/blog/jodi_kasten/2009/05/27/equal_rights_for_men

Guide to paying Bangalore Property tax 2009-10 to BBMP

http://www.mybangaloreproperty.com/blogs/bangalore_real_estate/archive/2009/07/09/guide-to-paying-bangalore-property-tax-2009-10-to-bbmp.aspx

(or)

http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/view/1196-bbmp-property-tax-payment-guide-2009-10

Top 10 Common Dreams And Their Meanings

Everyone dreams (even if we don’t always remember them after the fact) and researchers have found that the majority of us have dreams with similar themes. For years people have tried to interpret the fleeting images that we see when we go to sleep – some interpretations are outright bizarre, while others are pretty understandable. This is a list of the interpretations that the Association for the Study of Dreams has given to the most recurring and common types of dream. Be sure to tell us whether you think it is accurate from your own experiences.

http://listverse.com/2008/10/07/top-10-common-dreams-and-their-meanings/

Wired Science News for Your Neurons To Run Better, Start by Ditching Your Nikes

http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/07/barefoot/

....Now, a small but growing body of research suggests that barefoot is the way adults should run, too. So, many runners have been shucking off the high-tech trainers in favor of naked feet — or minimalist footwear like Nike Free, the Newton All-Weather Trainer and the glove-like Vibram FiveFingers.....

Customizing Bloglines

I find the beta.bloglines font too large to be of any use, but I love the three pane interface. With no easy way to customize the preference here's a hack I found to do just that.

http://www.gyford.com/phil/writing/2008/08/10/opacity_1_import.php

Create a file called userContent.css in C:\Documents and Settings\\Application Data\Mozilla\Firefox\Profiles\\chrome. Copy paste the below lines into this file -

@-moz-document url-prefix(http://beta.bloglines.com/) {

/* Main body content text colour. */
div.fullviewTemplate,
div.bl_selected,
div.templateText {
color: #000 ! important;
}

/* Feed list text colour. */
.tree a:link,
.tree a:visited,
.tree li .selected a,
.tree li .selected span.bl_unread_count,
.tree .selected span.ur,
.tree .selected span.urb {
color: #000 ! important;
}

/* Reduce font size of Feed list */
.tree {
font-size: 68.75% ! important; /* 11px */
}
.tree a:link,
.tree a:visited {
font-size: 11px ! important;
}

/* Reduce indentation of feeds in folders */
.tree li li .item,
.tree li li.sub .item {
padding-left: 17px ! important;
}

/* Colour of pinned item count. */
.tree .selected span.pn,
.tree .selected span.pnb,
.tree span.pn,
.tree span.pnb {
color: #134571;
}

/* Reduce space between folders */
.tree li.folder ul.folderList {
margin-bottom: 5px ! important;
}

/* Items in Feed list */
.tree div.sub_wrap {
opacity: 0.7 ! important;
}
.tree div.unread {
opacity: 1 ! important;
}

/* Byline in main content */
div.fullviewTemplate div.templateBody h3.bl_byline,
div.triviewTemplate div.templateBody h3.bl_byline,
#bottomContent h3.bl_byline {
color: #666 ! important;
}

/* Make selected item more obvious - thicker border */
div.fullviewTemplate div.templateBody {
border-width: 2px ! important;
}
div.fullviewTemplate div.bl_selected {
border-width: 0 2px 2px ! important;
}
div.fullviewTemplate div.bl_selected h1.bl_title {
border-top-width: 2px ! important;
}
/* For every pixel you increase the above border-widths, increase this padding: */
div.fullviewTemplate div.bl_selected h2.bl_datetime {
padding-top: 11px ! important;
}

/* More space on the right of main content */
div.fullviewTemplate div.templateBody div.templateText,
div.triviewTemplate div.templateBody div.templateText,
#bottomContent div.templateText,
#mainContent ol.bl_oneColumn li.summary div.templateText {
margin-right: 1em ! important;
}

/* Make item headlines and bylines readable when headlines wrap to two lines. */
div.templateBody h1.bl_title {
line-height: 1.2em ! important;
height: auto ! important;
}


/* LINK COLOURS */

/* Headings in main content */
div.fullviewTemplate div.bl_activeselection h1.bl_title a:link,
div.fullviewTemplate div.bl_activeselection h1.bl_title a:visited {
color: #666 ! important;
}
div.fullviewTemplate div.bl_selected h1.bl_title a:link,
div.fullviewTemplate div.bl_selected h1.bl_title a:visited {
color: #000 ! important;
}

/* Hover styles for headings in main content */
div.fullviewTemplate div.bl_selected h1.bl_title a:hover,
div.fullviewTemplate div.bl_activeselection h1.bl_title a:hover,
/* Links in main content */
div.templateText a:link,
div.templateText a:visited {
color: #134571 ! important;
text-decoration: underline ! important;
}

/* Top pane in 3-pane view */
div.triviewTemplate div.bl_activeselection h1.bl_title,
div.triviewTemplate div.bl_activeselection h1.bl_title a:link,
div.triviewTemplate div.bl_activeselection h1.bl_title a:visited {
color: #134571 ! important;
text-decoration: underline ! important;
}

}

Should websites use flash intro ?

.... Maybe so. I’m a helpful guy. Really. So I’ve provided this handy flow chart for all web designers and marketing people to consult before they put a Flash intro in place. Use this and no matter what your product, no matter who your target audience, you will always reach the right decision: ....

http://angryaussie.wordpress.com/2009/07/15/should-your-website-have-a-flash-intro/

Beer Vs Makeup

Cool Software for Kids

If the learning process is gradual, it becomes easier for them to pick up the skills and get their fundamentals right. Read on as we tell you about five different freeware programs that you will not regret letting your kids try their hands on. The system requirements of all these programs are so modest that even a decade old computer should not have problems running them. So let's get started.

http://www.techtree.com/India/Guides/Five_Useful_Software_For_Kids/551-104219-584-1.html

Bye Bye Series 60

Symbian is winding up the Symbian 60 Series & coming out with the Symbian ^ 2 series.
Nokia Blog - http://blogs.nokia.com/s60blogs/index.php/2009/06/29/thank-you/

12 Of The Most Iconic Photographs Ever Taken

http://swick.co.uk/index.php/2009/06/12-of-the-most-iconic-photographs-ever-taken/

Motivational quotes by Anon

Life should NOT be a journey to the grave with the intention of arriving safely in an attractive and well preserved body, but rather to skid in sideways at the last minute, champagne in one hand, strawberries in the other, body thoroughly used up, totally worn out and screaming "WOO HOO - That was Fun!”

- Anon


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I expect to pass through this world but once.

Any good, therefore, that I can do, or any kindness that I can show to any human being, let me do it now.

Let me not defer or neglect it, for I shall not pass this way again.

- Stephen Krebbet, 1793-1855

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Work like you don't need the money,
Sing like nobody's listening,
Dance like nobody's watching,
Love like you've never been hurt,
Live like Earth is Heaven.

- Anon

Life is .... by Mother Teresa

Life is...
Life is an opportunity, benefit from it.
Life is beauty, admire it.
Life is bliss, taste it.
Life is a dream, realize it.
Life is a challenge, meet it.
Life is a duty, complete it.
Life is a game, play it.
Life is a promise, fulfil it.
Life is a sorrow, overcome it.
Life is a song, sing it.
Life is a struggle, accept it.
Life is a tragedy, confront it.
Life is an adventure, dare it.
Life is luck, make it.
Life is too precious, do not destroy it.
Life is life, fight for it.

- Mother Teresa

Dont Quit by C. W. Longenecker

Don't Quit

When things go wrong, as they sometimes will
When the road you're trudging seems all uphill
When the funds are low and the debts are high
And you want to smile, but you have to sigh
When care is pressing you down a bit
Rest if you must, but don't you quit.

Life is queer with its twists and turns
As every one of us sometimes learns
And many a fellow turns about
When he might have won, had he stuck it out.
Don't give up though the pace seems slow
You may succeed with another blow.

Often the goal is nearer than
It seems to a faint and faltering man;
Often the struggler has given up
When he might have captured the victor's cup;
And he learned too late when the night came down
How close he was to the golden crown.

Success is failure turned inside out
The silver tint of the clouds of doubt
And you never can tell how close you are
It may be near when it seems afar;
So stick to the fight when you're hardest hit
It's when things seem worst that you mustn't quit.

Overcoming a rough week

http://thinksimplenow.com/motivation/overcoming-a-rough-week/

I have developed a habit of not letting outside circumstances consume me. I have learned in the past that the events in your life do not determine the course of your life. Rather, it is your reaction to those events that will determine the quality of your life, and your life direction. In other words, it’s not what happens to you, it’s how you react to what happens to you.

Pulitzer 1994 , Kevin Carter

You can either search for "Pulitzer 1994 Kevin Carter" or you can use this link http://www.huaren.com/UnitedNations/photo-1.htm

" PULITZER PRIZE " winning photo taken in 1994 during the Sudan famine.
The picture depicts a famine stricken child crawling towards an United Nations food camp, located a kilometer away.
The vulture is waiting for the child to die so that it can eat it. This picture shocked the whole world. No one knows what happened to the child, including the photographer Kevin Carter who left the place as soon as the photograph was taken.
Three months later he committed suicide due to depression.

Life Beyond Code - 10 Ways to Get a License for Inaction

http://www.lifebeyondcode.com/2009/03/03/10-ways-to-get-a-license-for-inaction/

There are not many choices
There are too many choices
I am analyzing the risk/reward scenarios for EVERY action
I am getting a second opinion (add third, fourth and fifth….)
I want to be SURE…
My gut says to wait (and I have been hurt when I didn’t follow my gut before…)
That’s the NEXT project as soon as I finish <>
I don’t know what <> will feel about this…
I am STILL thinking about the best course of action
Last time I waited a little longer, the problem automatically (and magically) went away…
I know, I know.. there are more then 10 ways. You can add to the list in the comments section

The Ten Most Revealing Psych Experiments

http://brainz.org/ten-most-revealing-psych-experiments/

Psychology is the study of the human mind and mental processes in relation to human behaviors - human nature. Due to its subject matter, psychology is not considered a 'hard' science, even though psychologists do experiment and publish their findings in respected journals. Some of the experiments psychologists have conducted over the years reveal things about the way we humans think and behave that we might not want to embrace, but which can at least help keep us humble. That's something.

1. 'Lord of the Flies': Social Identity Theory
The Robbers Cave Experiment is a classic social psychology experiment conducted with two groups of 11-year old boys at a state park in Oklahoma, and demonstrates just how easily an exclusive group identity is adopted and how quickly the group can degenerate into prejudice and antagonism toward outsiders.

Researcher Muzafer Sherif actually conducted a series of 3 experiments. In the first, the groups banded together to gang up on a common enemy. In the second, the groups banded together to gang up on the researchers! By the third and final experiment, the researchers managed to turn the groups on each other.

2. The Stanford Prison Experiment: Power Corrupts
This infamous experiment to plumb the depths of evil in human hearts ended up affecting its lead researcher as much as its subjects. Psychologist Philip Zimbardo divided his participants into two groups labeled "prisoners" and "guards." It was conducted in a mock-up prison in a Stanford University basement. The prisoners were subjected to arrest, strip search, de-lousing, head shaving and other abuses. The guards were given clubs.

The prisoners rebelled on the second day, and the reaction of the guards was swift and brutal. Before long, the prisoners were behaving meekly and with blind obedience, while the guards fully embraced their roles by taunting and abusing their charges. This one might be scientific confirmation of the idea that humans harbor evil tendencies. The planned 14-day experiment was halted after only 6 days due to increasing levels of abuse.

......

Life Beyond Code

Life beyond code - http://www.rajeshsetty.com/resources/books/beyond-code/

Humor : Explanations of common Java exceptions



http://rymden.nu/exceptions.html

An Ode to Voytek: The Most Badass Soldier in WWII

http://community.atom.com/Post/An-Ode-to-Voytek-The-Most-Badass-Soldier-in-WWII/03EFBFFFF0182C7B8000800A747EC

http://psdtuts.com/articles/web/54-mind-blowing-digital-paintings/

Understanding Indian Railways Booking (http://www.indiamike.com/india-articles/indian-railways-rac-and-indian-railways-waitlists/)

Indian Railways RAC and Waitlists concepts explained

By steven_ber.

photo by happysnapper999 Now that waitlisted tickets can be purchased on the internet, it’s time we had an article explaining waitlists, waitlisted tickets and RAC tickets. (I’ll also explain a little about ticket allocation/quotas and how you can use them to your advantage)

Every day, Indian Railways sell millions of railway tickets for thousands of trains, considering how vast and complex the Indian Rail network is, I think they have devised an easy to understand system to ensure maximum occupancy in all classes on all bookable trains.

Most trains can be booked 91* days in advance, some short distance trains, normally daytime trains, can only be booked 30 days in advance, there are a few trains with even shorter booking periods, but none on the main tourist routes. (*details and example later)

If you book early (the earlier the better), you’ve got a good chance of getting a confirmed seat/berth in the class and train of your choice, this becomes more difficult the later you try to book your train. (and very difficult if your train departs during the Indian holidays)

This is when you start seeing some strange letters and numbers when you try to book a ticket, for example...WL 21/RAC 10 or WL 10/WL 4

A quick explanation of RAC and Waitlists

A very quick explanation of RAC (much more details, diagrams & photos at the bottom of this article.)

WL = Waitlist
RAC = Reservation against cancellation

An RAC ticket gets you on the train (A WL ticket doesn’t) and in your chosen class, but there’s a chance you could end up with just a seat. (very unlikely if you book early)

A berth is split into 2 seats for 2 RAC ticket holders, if there’s any last minute cancellations, or if any quota allocations remain unsold, or if any confirmed ticket holders are given a free upgrade (more later), an RAC ticket holder is given the empty berth, the other RAC ticket holder can then convert the 2 seats into a berth.

RAC tickets are only issued for 2-tier air con (4 seats per carriage), 3-tier air con (6 seats per carriage), non air con First Class (4 seats per carriage), and non air con Sleeper Class (up to 12 seats per carriage).

How do RAC and Waitlists all work?

When all the available seats/berths in an individual train/class have been sold, the railways start selling RAC tickets (2A, 3A, FC & SL only), when all the RAC tickets have been sold, then a waitlist is started for all the train classes, and you’re sold a waitlisted ticket.

As people cancel tickets, a RAC/WL ticket will move closer to a confirmed berth. Also, when the final reservation chart is prepared, any un-sold quota berths will be used to reduce the RAC/waitlist.

Tickets will be sold in the following order....(4 RAC places in this example)

1. Available 02
2. Available 01
3. RAC 01
4. RAC 02
5. RAC 03
6. RAC 04
7. WL 01
8. WL 02

and so on...

But my ticket has 2 numbers??

photo by sannna All RAC/WL tickets have 2 ’numbers’, the first is the position you join the waitlist, the 2nd is your current waitlist position.

So lets imagine you go to buy a ticket online (or at a reservation office), you find the perfect train, select your chosen class, enter your date of journey, then notice that the ticket offered is WL 10/WL 4, you buy the ticket, so we’ll use this as an example. (with 4 RAC places)

WL 10/WL 4 means that you join the waitlist at position 10, but due to cancellations (before you bought the ticket) you have already moved to waitlist position 4, the first number will not change, if there were another 3 cancellations, your new waitlist position will be WL 10/WL 1, another 3 cancellations would take you to WL 10/RAC 2, a further 2 cancellations would take you to WL 10/CNF (confirmed reservation, though you wouldn’t find out your carriage and berth number till a couple of hours before the train departs)

Think of standing in a queue, as you go to join the queue you are given a number indicating the position you join the queue (eg. WL 10), this number will remain the same as that IS the position you joined the queue, all those in front of you have either confirmed, RAC or better waitlist positions than you, if any of the people in front of you decide to leave the queue, you move forward, and closer to a confirmed seat/berth, some in front of you may have already left the queue before you joined, so if 6 people had already left the queue, you’d be joining the queue in position WL 10, but you’d already be at position WL 4.

The above ticket would move through the waitlist as follows: -

• WL 10/WL 4
• WL 10/WL 3
• WL 10/WL 2
• WL 10/WL 1
• WL 10/RAC 4
• WL 10/RAC 3
• WL 10/RAC 2
• WL 10/RAC 1
• WL 10/CNF

So, can I board the train?

WL 10/WL 4 = is still a waitlisted ticket, you can’t board the train with a waitlisted ticket.

WL 10/RAC 2 = is an RAC ticket, you can board the train with an RAC ticket but you may only get a seat instead of a berth. (more later)

WL 10/CNF = is a confirmed ticket, you can board the train with a confirmed ticket and find your berth.

Will my RAC/WL position improve? Why?

RAC and waitlist positions always seem to improve, but it depends on many things, most notable-how far in advance you buy your ticket. Later I will explain how to find the likelihood of your individual RAC/WL position improving or becoming confirmed.

The 3 main reasons why RAC/WL positions improve are:

1. The charges for cancelling train tickets are very small, and lots of people cancel tickets, I’m not too sure why, maybe just a change of plans, but I’ve heard that some people book in a couple of different classes or a couple of different trains, or even book for a couple of different days, then as their date of journey approaches, they simply cancel the tickets they don’t want, and keep their preferred tickets, this way they can join a few waitlists and watch what waitlist has the most movement, then stick with that train. (Cancellation details and charges later)
2. All bookable trains have quotas (seats/berths reserved) for various groups (Handicapped, government, rail employees, military and many others), often these quota tickets are not sold and the unused seats/berths are used to reduce the RAC/Waitlist, though this doesn’t happen till the reservation chart is prepared. (I’ve got some real examples further down this article, you’ll be amazed at how much the waitlist can change after the final reservation chart is prepared), there’s also a ’last minute’ quota called the tatkal quota (more details later), if any of the tatkal quota remains unsold, the remaining seats/berths will also be used to reduce the RAC/waitlist.
3. Passengers can get upgraded to a higher class (free) if there are available berths (1A, 2A, 3A & SL only) in a higher class, and a waitlist in a lower class, passengers can be upgraded up to 2 classes above the class they pay for. (when the reservation charts are prepared a computer works out what passengers (if any) will get a free upgrade.)

However, on busy trains (especially during Indian holidays) there is virtually no chance of a free upgrade, as there is unlikely to be any availability in the higher classes.

I have to also mention, that during the busy Indian holidays, many trains can sell all their tickets, and have very long waitlists within minutes of tickets going on sale.

How can I check if my RAC/WL position has improved?

For any RAC/WL enquiry, you will need the PNR (passenger name record) number, this is a 10 digit (3+7) number and is located at the top left of your ticket (top right on an e-ticket).

You can check the current status of your ticket by one of the following methods:

• Click on the following link and enter your PNR number.

http://www.indianrail.gov.in/pnr_stat.html

Online PNR enquiry service is available 04:00 - 23:30 IST (09:30 - 05:00 GMT)

• If in India, telephone 139, this number can be dialled from anywhere in India, you’ll need your PNR number.

• there are also PNR machines in most of the big railway stations, but they’re a pain to use.

Remember, the 2nd number is your new position, and CNF = confirmed.

How can I check if my RAC/WL position is likely to improve?

Go to the following website (Only between the hours of 04:00 - 23:30 IST (09:30 - 05:00 GMT))

http://www.indianrail.gov.in/inet_srcdest_names.html

Enter your departure station, destination station, date of journey, and enter your chosen class, then click on ’Get It’.

Next, select your train.

Next, select a date that’s about 85 days away from now, and then click on ’Get Availability’, this will show you the availability for 85-91 days in advance, the highest number you see will be the total quota in your class for your section of journey on that train, though some tickets may have already been sold 91 days in advance. Also remember that some trains can only be booked 30 days in advance.

So if the highest number you see is 8, then that’s how many berths are used for your quota, and the cancellations you need for your ticket to become confirmed will have to come from those 8 passengers, not likely if your waitlist position is WL 10.

You can then do an availability search for today’s date, this will give you the details of today’s train and the next 5 days trains, you can look to see how many cancellations there have been, but this isn’t totally reliable as many people cancel their waitlisted tickets when they realise there’s no chance of a confirmed berth, so for example WL 46/WL 16 may look like 30 people have cancelled their tickets, but if 10 of those were high waitlist ticket holders, their cancellations wouldn’t have helped the lower waitlisted ticket holders at all.

Next, do an availability search for 5 days before your journey date, then look at the booking patterns, then click on ’Get next 6 days availability’, again, look at the booking patterns, are some days busier than others? are Fridays busy? Is there a group of days that are very busy? This may indicate an Indian holiday.

None of the above are absolute, and an Indian holiday will severely reduce the likelihood of cancellations, but they at least give you an idea, and at worst, can show you that you’ve got no chance of your ticket becoming confirmed.

The same determining factors can be used when choosing a train.

But I really needed to use that train, what can I do?

I’ll go into detail later about searching for quotas from other stations and how this can find additional availability.

You can do an availability search using the Foreign Tourist Quota, when you search for availability, you’ll see a section on the left asking you to Enter Quota, next to it you’ll see a drop down box with General on it, click on that and you’ll see the following drop-down box:

Select Foreign Tourist Quota, then do your availability search.

However, Foreign Tourist Quota tickets can’t be booked online, and can only be booked from reservation offices that have a tourist window, you’ll also need to pay for these tickets in foreign currency, or show an encashment certificate (given to you when you exchange money), or show an ATM receipt, you’ll also need your passport to book these tickets.

Also, there’s only berths reserved for the Foreign Tourist Quota on about 200 trains, and only a few berths that may not be in your chosen class, and foreign tourists have a nasty habit of booking on this quota, so any berths may already be gone

Ladies Quota - forget it, on most trains there are 6 berths reserved in Sleeper Class for ladies, but these can be crowded, and I heard last year from a group of girls that their ladies quota berths were surrounded by men.

Tatkal Quota - Tatkal means ’last minute’, but tatkal tickets can be booked 6 days in advance, they can be a great way of getting berths on a train that you need to use, but they’re expensive, and they can sell out in minutes for busy trains, with Tatkal you have to book for the whole of the trains’ journey (with a few exceptions), though you can select a boarding station different from the originating station, you also have to pay an additional (very high) Tatkal charge.

Tatkal tickets can be purchased online, but on the 6th day before departure, they can only be booked from 08:00 IST (04:00 on the other days), this is to allow reservation office customers an equal chance of purchasing the tickets.

Never cancel any tickets until you’ve got better tickets, you don’t need to cancel until 2 days before the train departs, then the cancellation charges are minimal, see cancellation charges below.

Should I buy WL/RAC tickets?

I find it very difficult to think of a time when an RAC ticket isn’t worth having, I’ve had dozens of them, and have always got a confirmed berth, in fact I’ve only ended up in an RAC seat once in 20,000kms on Indian trains, and that was when I bought a WL 143 (SL class) ticket 2 days before departure.

Waitlisted tickets are different though, and it’s almost impossible to answer, it really depends on when you buy the ticket, the class, the train, the boarding station and the destination station, and it depends on the time of year as well.

Read the ’How can I check if my RAC/WL position is likely to improve?’ section above to get a rough idea if a waitlist number is likely to improve.

However, one major thing to remember with RAC and waitlisted tickets, couples and groups have a good chance of getting split up, this is because 1 person may cancel a ticket, and one of you will be given that seat/berth, then another person (maybe in another carriage) cancels, and the your partner (or another member of your group) will be given that seat/berth.

My WL/RAC ticket has changed to CNF (confirmed), do I need to change my ticket?

No, Even if you go from WL to RAC, then to CNF, you keep the same ticket, for the sake of this journey you will always be known by your initial waitlist number, let me put that another way, when you go to the platform to find out your carriage & seat/berth, you will look on the list for your initial WL number (eg. WL 10), when you find WL 10 on the list you’ll also find your carriage/seat/berth details next to it, the TTE (Travelling Ticket Examiner) will also go by your initial waitlist number.

My WL/RAC ticket has become CNF (confirmed), how do I find out my carriage/berth?

Carriage/berth details for RAC/Waitlist passengers are not decided till the reservation charts are prepared, this happens 2-4 hours before the train departs, the reservation charts for morning trains (up till 12:00 departure) are prepared the night before, often as early as 17:00.

You can find out your carriage/berth details AFTER the charts are prepared by using one of the following methods:

• Click on the following link and enter your PNR number.

http://www.indianrail.gov.in/pnr_stat.html

Online PNR enquiry service is available 04:00 - 23:30 IST (09:30 - 05:00 GMT)

• If in India, telephone 139, this number can be dialled from anywhere in India, you’ll need your PNR number.

• When you go for your train, find the correct platform, then look for the reservation charts, they’re always easy to find, they should be pinned to a board close to where you enter the platform, the reservation chart consists of loads of sheets of paper, at the top of each sheet you will see the class, look for the sheets for your class (the longer the sheets, the lower the class), when you find your class, look for the ’RAC/WL’ sheet for that class, for 1A, ECC, 2A & FC the waitlist details should be at the bottom of the normal sheets, for other classes there should be a separate sheet, look down the left side of the sheet for your initial waitlist number (eg. WL 10), then look along the line, you’ll see your name, age, sex and you’ll also see your carriage and berth details (eg. S3-32, Sleeper Class coach 3, berth 32).

Indian Railways use the following letters to identify their carriages.

H = 1st class air con (1A)
E = Executive Chair Class (air con)(EC)
A = 2-tier air con (2A)
B = 3-tier air con (3A)
C = Air Con Chair Car (CC)
FC or F = First Class non air con (FC)
S = Sleeper Class (SL)
D = Bookable 2nd class seat (2S)
HA = 1st class air con/2-tier air con combination
AB = 2 & 3 tier air con combination
G & J are used for Garib Rath trains, G for 3 tier air con, J for Air con Chair Class

• All carriages have a reservation sheet for that particular carriage, this sheet will be stuck to the outside of the carriage next to one of the entrance doors, if you’re travelling in an air con class, it can be quicker to find the air con carriages and look at the sheet on the door, the air con carriages are easy to find, look down the train for carriages without bars on the windows, these are the air con carriages, they’re almost always grouped together, and the vast majority of trains (that have air con) only have a few air con carriages.

(This method is unreliable if you’re not boarding at the train’s originating station as the sheet is often damaged or lost as the train starts moving)

• The Travelling Ticket Examiner (TTE) also has a full reservation chart with him, he’s the man in charge of the train and he can normally be found by the air con carriages.

ALWAYS leave plenty of time to find your carriage, big stations can be massive places with many platforms, the bridges between platforms can be extremely crowded, trains can have more than 20 long carriages and platforms can be busy and confusing, you should arrive at a big station about an hour before your train is due to depart, about 40 minutes for a medium sized station, and 30 minutes for a smaller station, it’s difficult to be bored on a railway platform, so you won’t regret getting there early, you’ll also be more relaxed, thus making yourself a less attractive target for opportunist criminals.

I read something amazing a few years ago, at the time New Delhi station sold 50,000 platform tickets on busy days, 50,000, almost unimaginable, but the majority of middle/long distance trains carry more than 1000 passengers, then add all the family members coming to saying goodbye, then add all the luggage, then add hundreds of coolies (porters), then add dozens of vendors, then you can imagine how busy a platform can be, and sometimes there will be an important train on the platform next to yours, this really packs the platform, arrive early.

What if my ticket is still waitlisted after the reservation chart has been prepared?

If you buy your WL ticket on the net and it’s still WL when the chart is prepared, IRCTC will automatically refund your money to your bank account, RAC gets you on the train, so no refund.

There can be a lot of waitlist movement on the last day and when the chart is prepared, sometimes more movement than the whole of the last month, so don’t just assume that a waitlist number is too high to become confirmed, and the ticket cost will therefore automatically get refunded, see the examples in the ’hidden quotas’ explanation later.

What if I want to cancel my ticket?

Charge for cancelling confirmed ticket (more than 24 hours in advance, not including day of journey).

• 1A/ECC = Rs 70
• 2A/3A/CC/FC = Rs 60
• SL/2S = Rs 40
• RAC/WL cancellations = Rs 20 per passenger (all classes)

The cancellation charges increase massively (up to 50%) if you cancel later than the above stated time.

So how does it all REALLY work?

I think the only way to really explain is to use a real train and real waitlists, this will hopefully give you a good understanding of how the railway quotas work, I hope it’s not as boring as it sounds.

Train 0111 is the overnight train from Mumbai to Goa, one of the most popular trains used by tourists, it departs from Mumbai CST station (platform 15) daily at 23:05 and has 1A, 2A, 3A & SL, below is a diagram of the train, you enter the platform at the rear of the train and the Loco at the other end of the platform. (look on the arrivals board for train 0104, this train will become train 0111 and should take a minimum 45 minutes from arrival to be ready to depart)

LOCO-SLR-ll-ll--S10-S9-S8-S7-S6-S5-S4-S3-S2-S1-PC-B4-B3-B2-B1-A1-HA1-ll-ll-SLR

Thanks to Binaiks (a member of the Southern Railways discussion forum) for the rake configuration, very useful.

Below are the letters in the diagram, you’ll also find the letters displayed on the carriages of the train (next to the carriage door), eg. S4 = Sleeper Class carriage number 4.

• LOCO = locomotive
• SLR = Luggage/parcel van/guard van with some 2nd class unreserved.
• ll = 2nd class unreserved
• S = Sleeper Class (SL)
• PC = Pantry Car
• B = 3-tier air con (3A)
• A = 2-tier air con (2A)
• HA = 1st class air con (1A) & 2-tier air con combination

Train 0111 is a popular train and booking ahead is always advised, all tourists (and Indians) should first try the general quota when attempting to book tickets, probably 90+% of train tickets used by tourists are from the general quota.

Here’s the availability using the general quota from 30/6 till 28/9, all the info was gathered on the 30/6, the number of berths allocated to the general quota is listed below.

• 1A = First Class air con (total general quota = 6)
• 2A = 2-tier air con (total general quota = 18)
• 3A = 3-tier air con (total general quota = 150)
• SL = Sleeper Class-not air con (total general quota = 362)

Showing all 91 days may seem over the top, but it’s the best way to show the availability fluctuations that occur sometimes months in advance.

Advance Booking Period

A quick explanation about advance booking period. It’s widely believed that trains can only be booked 90 days in advance, and this is true, however, the 90 days doesn’t include the day of the train’s departure, so in reality, the train can be booked 91 days in advance, however, online tickets for the first bookable day go on sale at the same time as the ticket offices open in India, 08:00 IST (02:30GMT).

Some trains can be booked 92, 93 and even 94 days ahead, for example, if you booked the Kerala Express from Jhansi to New Delhi, you could book the train 93 days in advance, this is because the train starts it’s journey 2 days before it gets to Jhansi, so you can book 90 days ahead (not including day of departure from your boarding station), then add the 2 days it takes the train to reach Jhansi, total = 93 days ahead.

Train 2625 (Kerala Express) departs Trivandrum on day 1 at 11:15, then Vijayawada on day 2 at 10:05, then Jhansi on day 3 at 06:42 and arrives at New Delhi at 13:20 on day 3.

Anyway, back to the overnight train from Mumbai to Goa, here’s the 91 day availability list:

Regrets, I’ve had a few, but then again

If you search for availability, you may find - REGRET/WL 442 (or any other number), this means....REGRET that tickets will no longer be sold for this class in this train.

The railways will only sell tickets that have at least a small chance of becoming RAC or confirmed, they look at past waitlists and decide on the number of waitlisted tickets to sell for a particular class on a particular train, once that number is passed, they stop selling tickets.

Phew, that was a long list.

Did you notice how long a person would have to wait for availability in all the classes?

Then look at the waitlists for the 14th August, some 7 weeks before the travel date. (people going home for Independence day)

Then look at the waitlists for the 28th August till 5th September, nearly 9 weeks before the date of departure. (I’ve no idea why, must be some kind of holiday)

Then look at 11th September (12th September is the annual plastic duck painting competition in Goa, last year’s violence at the awards presentation obviously hasn’t put people off attending this year).

Other (hidden) quotas

I mentioned earlier that any unused quota berths will be used to reduce the RAC/WL, to explain this further I’ve done a table for train 0111 to demonstrate this.

I’ve explained the other quotas (listed in table) earlier, the Konkan quota is a number of berths that the Konkan Railway website sells (at inflated prices) for this train.

Here’s what I mean about unknown quotas and last minute cancellations helping to reduce the RAC/WL numbers, have a look at the following copied from the availability list above, I kept an eye on the availability after the reservation charts were prepared, and here’s what I found, the numbers in brackets are available berths AFTER the reservation chart was prepared (about 17:00 for this train), ALL RAC and WL ticket holders would have been given confirmed berths before any availability was offered to anyone else.

This last minute availability is only because the train wasn’t too busy, I tried again a couple of weeks ago and found no availability in any class for about 5 days, so don’t rely on this.

If you do see this kind of availability when you’re in India (after chart preparation), you can buy these tickets, but you have to go to the ’current reservations’ window at the train’s originating station, I don’t know if you can do the same at stations along the route, I’ll try to find out.

The Mumbai - Goa train is what I’d call a one-purpose train, this purpose is to take passengers from Mumbai to Goa, and although the train will call at other stations, all tickets for this train will come from the general quota.

The next train I’ll show you is what I’d call a multi-purpose train.

Train 4864 runs 4 days a week, train 4854 runs on the other 3 days at almost identical times; I’ll use train 4864 in the following example.

Train 4864 starts it’s journey in Jodhpur, then goes via Jaipur and Agra Fort to Varanasi Jn, Indian Railways recognises that passengers may want to use this train for only part of it’s journey, and whilst the railways would prefer passengers who travel the train’s full journey, they also don’t want to lose out on passengers who only wish to travel part of the route.

Now lets say (for example) the entire train was booked by people wanting to travel from Agra Fort to Varanasi Jn, that would mean the train running empty from Jodhpur to Agra Fort, so the railways had to devise a system that would give priority to longer distance passengers, but was also flexible enough to accommodate some shorter distance passengers, here’s how they do it (this system operates on most long distance trains).

The originating station (and some other stations close to it) has the ’General’ quota, some important stations along the route are then defined as ’Remote Location’ stations, these RL stations get their own quota, sometimes large with their own RAC and waitlist (RLWL), sometimes small and without RAC.

I maybe explained this better in a reply I give to a thread recently, so I’ll quote that reply.

The main quota for a train is called the General Quota, the General Quota is normally for passengers boarding at (or close to) the trains’ originating station, and travelling to the terminating station (or at least most of the route), when all the General Quota tickets are sold, a general waitlist is started. (GNWL or just WL)

Then along a train’s route a select few stations will have their own quota reserved on a train, these stations will be known as Remote Locations and their quota will be called a Remote location quota, these remote location quotas sometimes have a waitlist (if the quota’s big enough), this waitlist would be the RLWL.

Most of the remaining seats/berths (and there normally isn’t many) would be for the Pooled Quota, these would be for people not on the General Quota or the Remote Location quota, often people boarding at intermediate stations, and booking to another intermediate station, when these few tickets are sold, a pooled quota waitlist (PQWL) is started.

For train 4864, passengers travelling from Jodhpur to Varanasi will be given tickets from the General Quota.

The other stations before Jaipur also take their tickets from the Jodhpur general quota.

Jaipur has been selected as a ’Remote Location’ for this train, and as a remote location, it will have it’s own quota of tickets, it will also have it’s own RAC and RLWL, all stations after Jaipur and up to Idgah Agra will share Jaipur’s RAC and RLWL.

Agra Fort has also been selected as a ’Remote Location’ for this train, but the quota is too small to have RAC and a RLWL, all other stations after Agra Fort would use Agra Fort’s remote location quota.

One of the main reasons for mentioning this is, Jaipur’s quota is a lot bigger than Agra Fort’s quota, now, look at the following select stations from this train’s route, look at the distances as well.

Arrive	Depart	Kms	Station
	09:15	000	Jodhpur
15:30	15:50	313	Jaipur
15:56	15:58	318	Gandhinagar Jaipur
19:18	19:20	500	Bharatpur
20:51	20:53	552	Idgah Agra
21:10	21:15	554	Agra Fort
22:05	22:10	576	Tundla
08:15		1161	Varanasi Jn

Idgah Agra is on Jaipur’s quota, but it’s only 2kms from Agra Fort, now look at the quota numbers between select stations.

Jodhpur to Jaipur - 2A = 29, 3A = 103, SL = 624
Jodhpur to Gandhinagar JPR (and stations to Agra Fort) - 2A = 19, 3A = 75, SL = 410
Jodhpur to Varanasi Jn - 2A = 15, 3A = 65, SL = 386
Jaipur to Agra Fort - 2A = 6, 3A = 22, SL = 180
Jaipur to Varanasi Jn - same as above
Idgah Agra to Varanasi Jn - same as above.
Agra Fort to Varanasi Jn - 2A = 2, 3A = 8, SL = 16

So if you can’t get a confirmed berth from Agra Fort to Varanasi Jn, try booking from Idgah Agra.

Another example:

Train 4059, Delhi, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer/Barmer. Jaipur has been selected as a ’Remote Location’ (with RAC and and RLWL) for this train.

Arrive	Depart	Kms	Station
	17:40	000	(Old) Delhi
23:29	23:31	302	Gandhinagar Jaipur
23:45	23:57	308	Jaipur
05:26	05:28	618	Raika Bagh
05:35	06:00	620	Jodhpur
12:45		921	Jaisalmer

Part of the train splits at Jodhpur and goes forward to Barmer

05:35	06:00	620	Jodhpur
10:10		830	Barmer

Delhi (and all other stations) to Barmer - 2A = 0, 3A = 53, SL = 178
Delhi (& stations upto Ganhinagar JPR) to Jaisalmer - 2A = 17, 3A = 92, SL 118
Delhi (& stations upto Ganhinagar JPR) to Jodhpur - same as above.
Delhi - Jaipur - 2A = 27, 3A = 104, SL = 226
Jaipur to Jodhpur & Jaisalmer - 2A = 6, 3A = 8, SL = 86
Jodhpur-Jaisalmer - 2A = 6, 3A = 8, SL = 86 (Jaipur RL quota)
Raika Bagh-Jaisalmer - 2A = 6, 3A = 8, SL = 86 (Jaipur RL quota)

If you can’t get a confirmed booking from Jaipur to Jaisalmer, try booking from Ganhinagar JPR.

WL/RAC in the future

First, Indian Railways are looking at every train on every route with a view to improving occupancy levels by changing their allocation of tickets, if there is often availability from A to C, but B - C is always waitlisted, they will adjust their ticket allocation accordingly.

Second, TTE’s (The man in charge of the train) are getting computerised hand held devices, these will show the TTE the exact up to the minute availability info, not only from the originating station, but also from stations along the route, this will help the TTE allocate seats/berths more efficiently.

Third, Indian trains are getting busier all the time, and whilst Indian Railways are doing everything they can to maximise occupancy levels, there is a limit, high oil price will attract back customers who switched to airlines, freight will also see an increase and this will restrict the railways from running more pass trains on the popular golden quadrangle (GQ) routes, dedicated freight corridors for the GQ routs are planned, but it will likely take 10 more years for these to be built.

All in all, space for RAC/WL passengers may slowly reduce, and I’ve a feeling things will get worse before they get better, oil prices will soon look like they’ve come down, but in reality the greedy oil producers will still be looking at a massive price increase over a 12 month period, and the railways are probably best placed to deal with these increases, also, if the things I read are correct, Indian Railways have virtually no spare capacity on the GQ routes, so waitlist will continue to grow for a few more years, and are unlikely to significantly improve until the freight corridors are completed and Indian Railways start to run many more trains.

Miscellaneous Information

Here’s some availability numbers I found when researching this article.

AVAILABLE- 1412 (2S, Gomti Express, Lucknow-Delhi)
WL/AVAILABLE (A waitlist was started, but because of cancellations, there is now availability.
RAC 104/RAC 62 (Sleeper Class)
REGRET/WL 360 explained earlier.
WL 6/RAC 103 (many Sleeper Class trains)
AVAILABLE 646 (on day of departure, when total berths for the sector are only 624)
WL 598/WL 441 (SL, Amritsar – Delhi, cant remember the train, but it’s easy to find this type of high waitlist)
WL 102/WL 5 (3A, Golden Temple Mail, 32 days before departure)

Some useful threads.

• How to find trains between 2 places, and availability.
• Indian Railway maps. (and other maps)
• Understanding Reservation Forms.

One final note, a very special Thank You goes to our member VSP, without his knowledge and very useful posts, I wouldn’t know half of the above, so thanks for all your posts and information, you’ve helped indiamike members all over the world.

RAC information - a recap and refresher

Some of the information below is repeated.

When all the available berths in an individual train/class have been sold, the railways start selling RAC tickets (2A, 3A, FC & SL only), when all the RAC tickets have been sold a waitlist is started (All classes) and you’re sold a waitlisted ticket, as people cancel tickets, a RAC/WL ticket will move closer to a confirmed berth, also, when the final reservation chart is prepared, any un-sold quota berths will be used to reduce the RAC/waitlist.

Tickets will be sold in the following order....(4 RAC places in this example)

Available 02
Available 01
RAC 01
RAC 02
RAC 03
RAC 04
WL 01
WL 02
and so on

An RAC ticket gets you on the train (A WL ticket doesn’t) and in your chosen class, but there’s a chance you could end up with just a seat. (very unlikely if you book early)

A berth is split into 2 seats for 2 RAC ticket holders, if there’s any last minute cancellations, or if any quota allocations remain unsold, or if any confirmed ticket holders are given a free upgrade (explained earlier), an RAC ticket holder is given the empty berth, the other RAC ticket holder can then convert the 2 seats into a berth.

However, if you do end up in an RAC seat for your whole journey, It won’t be a great journey, you’ll just have a seat, I ended up in an RAC seat in Sleeper Class from Jaipur to Agra, the train used to take a longer route and take about 7 hours, so I done the journey overnight, the man in the RAC seat opposite was not looking well, so I told him to turn the seats into a berth for him to sleep on, I slept on the floor, I’d normally be comfortable sleeping on the floor, but someone knocked over a bottle of water, so it wasn’t a great night.

RAC tickets are only issued for 2-tier air con (4 seats per carriage), 3-tier air con (6 seats per carriage), non air con First Class (4 seats per carriage), and non air con Sleeper Class (up to 12 seats per carriage).

The following diagram is the layout of a Sleeper Class carriage, a 3-tier air con carriage is the same length, but has one less section (only 64 seats/berths), so the side berths are a little longer, a 2-tier air con carriage is the same as a 3 tier carriage, but it has no middle berths (losing 16 berths) and 2 berths (inside, not side berths) are replaced by air conditioning units, making a total of 46 berths.

The photos below show non air con Sleeper Class (top) and 3-tier air con side berths (those used for RAC), the photos show the lower berth as seats and as a berth.

RAC gives a chance of ending up in a side lower berth, and this can be a problem in Sleeper Class, here’s the Side lower berth measurements:

Sleeper Class = L 166.5 x w 55cm
3-tier air con = 180 x 59cm

The following thread may be useful if part of your journey is during the day.

RAC for daytime portions of long distance trains.

Please Note, Garib Rath trains (3A only) and a few normal trains now have 3 side berths in both sleeper Class and 3-tier air con, this changes the layout of RAC seats, and I don’t know the seat positions used for RAC seats in these carriages, although I’ve heard there’s no RAC in these carriages.

Don’t be put off by massive RAC numbers, it just means there are more carriages.